Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
VSEPR Theory and Geometry of Molecules
VSEPR Theory :
The valency shell is assumed as a sphere and the electron pairs are arranged around the central atom.
A multiple bond is treated as single super electron pair.
Repulsion lp – lp > lp – bp > bp – bp
ex ; sp2 type → No. of Bp's → 2, Lp's → 1
Geometry → Trigonal planar
Shape → Angular
Ex : SnCl2, HgCl2
| Hybridization | No. of Bp's | No. of Lp's | Geometry | Shape | Example |
| sp3 | 4 | - | Tetrahedron | Tetrahedron | CH_{4}, CCl_{4},SO_4^{-2},NH_4^+ |
| sp3 | 3 | 1 | Tetrahedron | Pyramid | NH_{3}, NCl_{3},PH_{3},SO_3^{-2} |
| sp3 | 2 | 2 | Tetrahedron | V- Shape, bent shape | H_{2}O, OF_{2},Cl_{2}O |
| Hybridization | No. Bp's | No. of Lp's | Geometry | Shape | Example |
| sp3d | 5 | 0 | Trigonal bipyramidal | Trigonal bipyramidal | PF_{5}, PCl_{5} |
| sp3d | 4 | 1 | Trigonal bipyramidal | see saw | SF_{4}, SCl_{4} |
| sp3d | 3 | 2 | Trigonal bipyramidal | T - shape | BrF_{3}, RCl_{3},ClF_{3} |
| sp3d | 2 | 3 | Trigonal bipyramidal | Linear | I_3^-,XeF_{2},ICl_2^{-} |
| sp3d3 | 7 | 0 | Pentagonal bipyramidal | Pentagonal bipyramidal | IF_{7} |
| sp3d3 | 6 | 1 | Pentagonal bipyramidall | Distorted octahedron | XeF_{6} |
Short cut hybridization formula :
Formal charge :
F.C = valence electrons − (no. of lone pair electrons + no. of bond pairs)
1) Oxygen atom
6 − (2 + 3)
6 − 5 = 1
2) 2nd oxygen
6 − (4 + 2) = 0
3) 3rd oxygen
6 − (6 + 1) = 6 − 7 = −1
Part1: View the Topic in this Video from 0:49 to 56:39
Part2: View the Topic in this Video from 0:40 to 4:52
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