Bonding, Valence Bond Theory and Crystal Field Theory, Colour, Magnetic Properties and Shapes

Valence Bond Theory:
1. According to VBT, ligands form coordination bond with vacant orbitals of the central metal atom or ion.
2. Type of hybridisation, bond angle and magnetic moment of the complex compound on the nature of the ligand.
3. Ligands are arranged in the order of their increasing CFSE

Note:
Weak field ligands: The ligands which affect only a small degree of crystal field splitting.
I⁻ < Br⁻ < SCN⁻ < S⁻² < NO₃⁻ < F⁻ < OH⁻ < EtOH < CH₃COO⁻ \tt \approx C_2O_4^{-2} < H₂O < EDTA

Strong field ligands:
They affect a large degree of crystal field splitting.
NCS⁻ < NH₃ ≈ py <en < diphy < NO₂⁻ < CN⁻ < CO
NO₂⁻ , CN⁻ and CO have synergy bonding (or) Back bonding.

Strength of donor sites:
X⁻ < O⁻ < N⁻ < C⁻

P = Pairing energy of electrons
Δ_o < P, then the ligands is a weak field ligand or high spin ligand.
Δ_o > P, then the ligand is a strong field ligand or low spin ligand.

Postulates of VBT
1. Complexes which have no unpaired electron - diamagnetic
2. Complexes which have unpaired electron - Paramagnetic
3. Spin only magnetic moment = \tt \sqrt{n\left(n+2\right)} B.M, n → unpaired electrons.

Type of hybridisation	Shape	Geometry	Bond angle
sp	Linear		180°
sp2	Trigonal planar		120°
dsp2 (inner)	Square planar
sp3 (outer orbital)	Tetrahedral		109°28'
dsp3 (n−1)d ns np sp3dx2−y2 ns np nd  dsp3 x2 − y2	Square pyramidal		90°
sp3d2 (outer orbital complex) d2sp3 (inner orbital complex)	Octahedral		90°

If there is only one electron in the last d - orbital (co-ordination no = 4) it can shift the electron and form dsp² (square planar)
If there is only one electron in the last but one d-orbital (coordination = 6) and no of e⁻ in the last orbital, shift the e⁻  and form d²sp³ (octahedral)

Crystal Field Theory:
Complex formation is due to combination of a central metal ion surrounding by ligands which act as point charges or point dipoles. Arrangement is such that repulsion between central metal 'M' and ligand is minimum.
Interaction force between the positively charged nucleus of M and negatively charged ligands is of 2 types.
a. Attractive force: between 'M' cation and negatively charged ligand / −ve end of polar neutral ligand.
b. Repulsive force: between the lone pair of ligand and electrons of d-orbitals of 'M'.
Thus force is responsible for the relative energies of the d-orbitals of the central metal ion or atom.

Octahedral Complex:

x,x' → no. of electrons in t_2g, e_g respectively.

Octahedral complex:

Note: for same ligand and central metal atom/ion
i. \tt \Delta t= \frac{4}{9}\ \Delta_0
ii. Δs_p = 1.3Δ₀

Colour of complexes:
Splitting energy per mole = \tt N_A\left(\frac{hc}{\lambda}\right)kJ/mole
λ → tells us colour absorbed.

One side → colour absorbed
other side → colour emitted
If λ lies outside the visible region, transmitted light is colourless. Hence complex is also colourless.

Low spin / high spin complexes:
If configuration does not change along with the nature of ligand, then we can't decide low spin / high spin

Configuration does not change for WFL or SFL in case of octahedral complex
d⁴ — d⁷ → WFL (high spin complex)
             → SFL (low spin complex)