Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates :
General formula C_x(H₂O)_y
It is defined as an optically active poly hydroxy aldehyde or ketone or a compound which produces such units on hydrolysis.

Mono saccharides : Simplest, cant be broken down by hydrolysis contains CHO group → aldose

Structure of Glucose

Fructose as a keto hexose :

Di saccharides : The substances which on hydrolysis give same or different mono saccharides, the units are joined by oxygen atom and the link is called glycosidic linkage.
ex : Sucrose :
It is joined by α - D - glucose and β - D - fructose joined by C₁ of glucose and C₂ of fructose.

Maltose : 2(α) - D glucose link between C₁ of one and C₄ of other glucose.

Lactose : (milk sugar) :
β - D - glucose and β - D - galactose link from C1 galactose to C₄ glucose..

Poly saccharides :
Large no.of mono saccharide units.

Amylose :

Amylopectin :

Cellulose :