Biological Classification
Protista
- Many protist live in aquatic as planktons and some live as parasites.
- Three major groups of Protista are (i) Photosynthetic protist (ii) Consumer - Decomposer and (iii) Protozoan Protista.
- Dinoflagellates, chrysophytes and Euglenoids are the 3 classifications of photosynthetic Protista.
- Dinoflagellates like Gymnodinium and Gony acylase causes red tide and bioluminescence. Eg. Noctiluca (The Night Light).
- Cells are covered with theca with cellulose sculptured and hence called armoured dinoflagellates.
- Their plastid contains chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘c’.
- Reserve food is stored in the form of oil and starch.
- The toxins of dinoflagellates accumulate in shell fish, which when consumed by man leads to paralytic shell poisonings (PSP) which may be fatal.
- Chrysophytes include Diatoms and Desmids, which belong to the division chrysophyta / Bacillariophyta.
- Diatoms form Diatomaceous earth / Diatomite at the bottom of water reservoirs, which has a body called Frustule, made up of 2 values called epitheca and hypotheca.
- Diatoms contain chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘c’ with fucoxanthin.
- Reserve food material is oil, Leucosin and Volutin granules.
- Euglenoids possess pellicle instead of the cell wall and they are unicellular flagellates.
- Nutrition is mixotrophic (holozoic + holophytic)
- Flagellum bears paraflagellar bodies which contain an orange – red-eyed spot (stigma) with a pigment astaxanthin, used to perceive the stimulus of light.
- Euglenoids have chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’.
- Reserve food material is Paramylum bodies [different from starch and glucogen]
- Reproduction is by longitudinal binary fission. [Eg: Euglena, Phacus, Peranema etc.,]
- Consumer – Decomposer Protista includes slime moulds, commonly called as Fungus – animals, which are of 2 types – (i) Acellular and (ii) Cellular (has plant characteristics).
- The acellular form is called Plasmodial moulds, which are found in dead and decaying leaves. Eg. Physarum, Physarella, Tubifera, Fuligo and Lycogala.
- Their somatic phase is diploid multinucleated plasmodium.
- They lack chlorophyll and are colourless.
- The life cycle of a cellular form starts by forming sporangia (fruiting bodies) → spores → Germination → Sexual reproduction → Formation of Plasmodium.
- Cellular slime moulds (Acrasiomycetes) occur in humus, where their somatic phase is haploid and so they are uninucleate cells (Myxamoebal cells).
- When food supply is completed, amoeboid cells aggregate due to their release of C-AMP (cyclic AMP) and form Pseudoplasmodium. Eg: Dictyostelium, Polysphondilium.
- Protozoans are into 4 groups
(i) Flagellated protozoans
(ii) Amoeboid protozoans
(iii) Sporozoans
(iv) Ciliated protozoans - Flagellated type is covered by a pellicle Eg: Giardia, Trypanosoma, Leishmania.
- Trypanosoma Gambiense causes Africol sleeping sickness through tse – tse fly.
- Amoeboid protozoans develop Pseudopodia as temporary protoplasmic out-growths.
- Nutrition is holozoic and they are covered with plasma lemma
Eg: Amoeba proteus, Pelomyxa, Entamoeba histolytica - All sporozoans are Endo parasites where no locomotory organs are present.
- Asexual reproduction happens through multiple fission and syngamy represents sexual reproduction.
- The life cycle may be mono (or) digenetic. [Eg. Plasmodium, Monocystis, Eimeria]
- Eimeria causes coccidiosis in adult birds.
- Female Anopheles mosquito is the definitive/primary host of Plasmodium as sexual reproduction happen and human is considered as Intermediate/secondary host as Asexual reproduction occur and so they are digenetic
- Infective stage of Plasmodium is sporozoite.
- P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale and P. Malariae are its 4 types.
- Ciliates show Nuclear dimorphism, i.e., they possess micronucleus and meganucleus. Micronucleus helps in reproduction and meganucleus controls metabolic activities and hence called the Vegetative nucleus.
- Ciliates also contain trichocyst for defence.
- Asexual reproduction occurs through transverse binary fission (or) budding and sexual reproduction is by means of conjugation, Eg. Paramecium, Vorticella, Opalina, Balantidium etc.,
- Paramecium (or) slipper animalcule is a surface feeder and its cilia at the posterior end are longer and hence called caudal tuft.
- Paramecium has 2 contractile Vacuoles, surrounded by 6-12 feeding canals.
- Food vacuoles are also present for intracellular digestion.
- Mega nucleus shows Hemiris, where macronucleus breaks first into few irregular pieces and later reunite to form macronucleus. Thus it is also called Purification set.
- Killer and sensitive paramecium are its 2 types which possess and don’t possess kappa particles respectively. Kappa particles are poisonous agents.
View this video for the topic from 0:10 to 9:17
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