Organic Chemistry: Some basic Principles and Techniques

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds


Nomenclature of Hydro carbons:

IUPAC [International Union of pure and Applied Chemistry]
According to IUPAC name of every organic compound has 3 parts.

Root word: It indicates no.of carbon atoms present in selected chain.
1-meth, 2-eth, 3-prop, 4-but, 5-pent, 6-hex, 7-hetp, 8-oct, 9-none, 10-dec

Suffix:

Primary suffix indicates carbon chain is saturated (or) unsaturated.
   Saturated: C—C ane
Unsaturated: C=C ene
                    C≡C yne
IUPAC = Root word + Primary suffix

Secondary suffix: It indicates functional group in the molecule
IUPAC: Root word + Primary suffix + secondary suffix

Prefix: It indicates the substituent (or) side chain present in the given molecule.
Ex: Cl Chloro (prefix)
      Br Bromo (prefix)
IUPAC = Prefix + Root word + 1° suffix + 2° suffix

Rules for IUPAC nomenclature:
1. Longest carbon chain
2. Lowest number rule
3. Suitable prefix
4. Alphabetical order
5. Cyclo alkanes
6. The parent functional group is identified and given highest order precedence, the final name should be something like
#,#-di<side chain> #<secondary functional group>parent chain prefix >#> if all bonds are single bonds,
Use 'ane'>##di <double bonds>#<triple bonds>#<primary functional group
Here # denotes number

IUPAC Nomenclature of ether:
General formula : R–O–R
General IUPAC name : Alkoxy Alkane
EX: (i) CH3—O—CH3 methoxy methane
(ii) C2H5—O—C2H5 ethoxy ethane

Acid halides:
General formula:
IUPAC Name: Alkoxy halide
Ex:

Amides:
General formula :
IUPAC Name : Alkanamide
Ex:

Esters:
General formula :
IUPAC Name : Alkyl Alkanoate
Ex:

Acid Anhydride:
General formula :
IUPAC Name : Alkanoic Anhydride
Ex:

Amines:
1° Amine:
General formula : R—NH2
IUPAC Name: Alkanamine
Ex: CH3—NH2 methanamine

2° Amine:
General formula:
IUPAC Name: Alkyl Alkanamine
Ex:

3° Amine:

Order of functional groups: (poly functional groups)
COOH > R—COOR > R—COX > R—CONH2 > CN > CHO > CO > OH

EX:

Nomenclature of Cyclic compounds:
Rules:
1. Use prefix cyclo before the Root word

Nomenclature of Bicyclo compounds:
Two rings are fused together obtained compound is bicyclic compound.

Aromatic compounds:
All benzene derivatives are having benzene word at the end.

View the Topic in this Video from 0:44 to 49:00

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